Journal articles
Okorie OS, Turner C, Salonitis K, Charnley F, Tiwari A, Hutabarat W (In Press). A decision-making framework for the implementation of remanufacturing in rechargeable energy storage system in hybrid and electric vehicles. Procedia Manufacturing
Ke S, Esnaola I, Okorie O, Charnley F, Moreno M, Tiwari A (In Press). Data-Driven Modeling and Monitoring of Fuel Cell Performance. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
Okorie O, Russell J, Cherrington R, Fisher O, Charnley F (2023). Digital transformation and the circular economy: Creating a competitive
advantage from the transition towards Net Zero Manufacturing.
Resources, Conservation and Recycling,
189Abstract:
Digital transformation and the circular economy: Creating a competitive
advantage from the transition towards Net Zero Manufacturing
Manufacturers are exploring the extent to which digital technology applications can support their sustainability
efforts by helping to convert abstract sustainability goals, such as those of net-zero emissions and circular
economy (CE), into feasible and practical actions, achievements, and ultimately, a sustainable competitive edge.
This work adopts a resource-based view (RBV) to explore the potential role that digital technologies play in the
cultivation of a manufacturing firm’s competitive advantage, and the deployment of existing internal resources
and core competencies to achieve net-zero manufacturing emissions and CE. Two questions are addressed: (1)
What competitive advantage(s) may be derived from the integration of digital technologies to achieve net-zero
manufacturing emissions, and (2) does adopting an RBV facilitate the development of meaningful (and novel)
competitive advantage? Engaged scholarship is used to analyse and apply theory to an empirical, real-world
dataset documenting the perspectives and experiences of 13 manufacturing firms. Applying the VRIO frame-
work, 21 identified digital technology-based core competencies are categorised as forms of competitive advan-
tage that may be possible for manufacturing firms pursuing net-zero emissions. Four scenarios of digital
technology adoption pathways are proposed, differentiated by the degree of radical vs. incremental interests and
options available to the firm. This study highlights the critical need for firms to incorporate intangible asset
management and development, including the labour and supply chain relationships, as part of their digital
transformation strategies. Further, we demonstrate the potential of RBV as a lens for evaluating the competitive
advantage potential of corporate sustainability initiatives, and facilitating the development of related strategies.
Abstract.
Charnley F (2022). Can Digital Technologies Increase Consumer Acceptance of Circular Business Models? the Case of Second Hand Fashion.
Sustainability,
14Abstract:
Can Digital Technologies Increase Consumer Acceptance of Circular Business Models? the Case of Second Hand Fashion
Experimentation with, and the implementation of, circular business models (CBMs) has
gained rapid traction within the textiles and fashion industry over the last five years. Substitution
of virgin materials with bioderived alternatives, extending the lifecycle of garments through resale,
and rental services and the recycling or upcycling of garments are some of the strategies being
used to reduce the 1.2 billion tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions and 92 million tonnes of waste
associated with the sector in 2017. However, whilst CBMs demonstrate environmental and economic
benefits, low consumer acceptance is considered by business professionals and policymakers to
be one of the main barriers to the transition towards a circular economy. Digitisation is widely
acknowledged as a catalyst for innovation in many sectors and digital technologies are driving
new ways to exchange and share goods and services, enabling companies to match the supply, and
demand for, otherwise underused assets and products. Online platforms, in particular, have played a
crucial role in driving the growth of used goods and resale in other consumer goods markets, such as
consumer technology. A mixed methods approach, including a review of 40 organisations operating
second hand fashion models, a consumer survey of over 1200 respondents and in-depth interviews
with 10 organisations operating second hand fashion models, is adopted to reveal (a) the barriers
to consumer acceptance of reuse models in the fashion industry, and (b) how digital technologies
can overcome these barriers. Findings highlight the significant progress that organisations have
made in using digitalisation, including data analytics, algorithms, digital platforms, advanced
product imagery and data informed customer communications, to address barriers associated with
convenience, hygiene, trust and security. Furthermore, the study identifies opportunities for the
development of more sophisticated digital technologies to support increased transparency and
address concerns associated with the quality, authenticity and sourcing of materials. Positioned at the
interface of digitisation and consumer acceptance of circular business models, this study makes an
important contribution to understanding consumer barriers and how to address them and concludes
with a set of recommendations for practitioners.
Abstract.
Huang Y, Shafiee M, Charnley F, Encinas-Oropesa A (2022). Designing a Framework for Materials Flow by Integrating Circular Economy Principles with End-of-Life Management Strategies.
Sustainability,
14(7), 4244-4244.
Abstract:
Designing a Framework for Materials Flow by Integrating Circular Economy Principles with End-of-Life Management Strategies
Circular economy is an upward trending notion that has drawn worldwide attention of policymakers, industry administrators, environmentalist as well as academic researchers. Though there are several tools developed for monitoring the material recovery, a very few number of research have been conducted to integrate circular economy principles with end-of-life (EOL) management strategies. This paper proposes an EOL-driven circular economy framework for the management of materials flow so as to extend the lifetime of materials through improved durability as well as to provide more social, economic and environmental benefits through less material waste. A case study from the agricultural waste industry is presented in order to test the model and validate its performance. The results show that the proposed framework has a good potential for small and medium enterprises (SME) advances.
Abstract.
Howard M, Yan X, Mustafee N, Charnley F, Böhm S, Pascucci S (2022). Going beyond waste reduction: Exploring tools and methods for circular economy adoption in small-medium enterprises. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 182, 106345-106345.
Cseke A, Haines-Gadd M, Mativenga P, Charnley F, Thomas B, Downs R, Perry J (2022). Life cycle assessment of self-healing products.
CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology,
37, 489-498.
Abstract:
Life cycle assessment of self-healing products
Self-healing products sense and repair damage and should help to improve product circularity and safety. Such products are at an early stage in research and development. Existing models for product life extension in life cycle assessment (LCA) were not developed for self-healing products. It is timely and urgent therefore to develop a framework for life cycle assessment for self-healing products so that their environmental impact can be optimised early at the design stage. This paper presents a new framework for LCA, based on a restoration of a product's function, and thus linking self-healing to product life extension and user acceptance. The model used within this framework uses the probabilities of self-healing, failure and user acceptance at the end of each life to quantify a product's service life extension and consequential avoided or delayed new production. The model takes into consideration multiple healing cycles with varying healing efficiencies. A case study scenario of self-healing propeller blades of an unmanned air vehicle employed for site inspection was used to test the application of the framework. The paper shows the positive contribution of self-healing in reducing life cycle impact. Sensitivity analysis revealed a tipping point where the benefits of avoided emissions outweigh the embedded impacts of self-healing technology. This clearly shows the importance of the life cycle assessment framework to understand under which conditions the environmental gains of using self-healing products are maximised.
Abstract.
Cseke A, Haines-Gadd M, Mativenga P, Charnley F, Thomas B, Perry J (2022). Modelling of environmental impacts of printed self-healing products.
Sci Total Environ,
807(Pt 2).
Abstract:
Modelling of environmental impacts of printed self-healing products.
Products utilising self-healing materials have the potential to restore some of their function following damage, thereby extending the product lifespan and contributing to waste prevention and increased product safety. Despite the growing interest in these products, there a lack of comprehensive studies on the environmental implications of self-healing products and the parameters that influence impacts. The study presented in this paper combined life cycle assessment combined with a Taguchi experimental design and analysis of variance to investigate the effect of various parameters across the life stages of a self-healing composite product manufactured by 3D printing using poly-lactic acid (PLA) and self-healing polyurethane (PU). The results of this study suggests that impacts are primarily affected by avoided production due to the increased service of the product, followed by electricity requirements and material deposition rate (efficiency) of 3D printing. In the case of water consumption raw material manufacturing of PLA and PU are the highest and hence should be a target for research on reducing their water footprint. When comparing self-healing vs. regular products it is evident that most of the impacts are dominated by the electricity consumption of the manufacturing process. These results suggest that maximising avoided production can play a major role in reducing impacts of 3D printed products. The results are important for maximising the circularity of additive manufacturing products while minimising their life cycle impact.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Okorie O, Russell J, Jin Y, Turner C, Wang Y, Charnley F (2022). Removing Barriers to Blockchain use in Circular Food Supply Chains: Practitioner Views on Achieving Operational Effectiveness.
Journal of Cleaner Logistics and Supply ChainAbstract:
Removing Barriers to Blockchain use in Circular Food Supply Chains: Practitioner Views on Achieving Operational Effectiveness.
The increasing demand for a sustainable, reliable and secure supply chain for food products
has led to the application of digital technologies such as blockchain to improve operational
effectiveness. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the integration barriers of Blockchain
Technology (BCT) within Circular Food Supply Chains (CFSCs) towards firm’s operational
effectiveness through a multi-methodological process. Initially the integration barriers are
identified through a review of literature and these risks are categorised, using evidence
obtained by survey questionnaire completed by experts in the integrated research arena. A
further quantified prioritisation of these barriers is made by utilizing a Fuzzy Delphi approach,
validated by expert practitioners drawn from the food production and supply organizations.
Finally, through semi-structured interviews with Blockchain and FSC experts, an examination
of how the integration barriers affect operational effectiveness may be mitigated is provided.
This paper concludes that the identified barriers to blockchain integration have real impact on
the operational effectiveness of the firm that can only be clarified through industry wide
standardised processes.
Abstract.
Okorie O, Obi M, Russell J, Charnley F, Salonitis K (2021). A triple bottom line examination of product cannibalisation and remanufacturing: a review and research agenda. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 958-974.
Okorie O, Charnley F, Russell J, Tiwari A, Moreno M (2021). Circular Business Models in High Value Manufacturing: Five Industry Cases to Bridge Theory and Practice. Business Strategy and the Environment
Haines-Gadd M, Charnley F, Encinas-Oropesa A (2021). Self-healing materials: a pathway to immortal products or a risk to circular economy systems?.
Journal of Cleaner Production,
315Abstract:
Self-healing materials: a pathway to immortal products or a risk to circular economy systems?
Product lifetime extension is key strategy for a functioning Circular Economy. Yet, the role of material innovation and how this might contribute to longer product and material lifetimes has not been widely discussed. Considering the significant environmental burden of material resource extraction, the longevity of materials must also be deliberated. Inspired by biological systems, self-healing materials are a type of smart material with the ability to inherently repair themselves when damaged. Although a technology extensively investigated within the material science community, the Circular Economy and product lifetime extension implications of implementing these into products has yet to be debated. Thus, this empirical study investigates: What are the benefits, opportunities, risks and challenges for applying self-healing materials to products within the context of the circular economy? in addition to a literature review, this research was carried out utilising a survey, two round table discussions, a workshop and interviews with industry experts from several different sectors. Through thematic analysis, it was discovered that the key benefits that self-healing materials might offer to circular systems are: the ability to maintain the primary lifetime of the product from both a technical and service lifetime perspective; assistance in the refurbishing and remanufacture of products through increasing the ease of disassembly and reassembly of products; and the potential to enable alternative business models. The key risks and limitations are: issues of persistence within the system; hybridization of materials - technosphere or biosphere? whether they will cycle in the system; limitations regarding their technology development, performance and lastly queries of their liability and compliance. These findings are valuable to both fields of self-healing materials and circular economy, and they not only demonstrate what sustainability factors must be understood when developing novel self-healing compositions but also expand our understanding for how these materials might be utilised to create longer lasting products from an industrial perspective. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for future research activities which could not only help to advance the field of self-healing but also potentially product longevity and make immortal products a reality.
Abstract.
Okorie O, Subramoniam R, Charnley F, Patsavellas J, Widdifield D, Salonitis K (2020). Manufacturing in the Time of COVID-19: an Assessment of Barriers and Enablers. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 48(3), 167-175.
Pollard S, Turney A, Charnley F, Webster K (2020). The circular economy – a reappraisal of the ‘stuff’ we love. Geography, 101(1), 17-27.
Park C, Charnley F, Longhurst P, Bolton S, Evans S (2020). Too fast to bother Integrity, instrumentality, and externality factors for early sustainable design implementation in the fast-moving-consumer-goods sector. J of Design Research, 1(1).
Park C, Charnley F, Longhurst P, Bolton S, Evans S (2020). Too fast to bother? Integrity, instrumentality, and externality factors for early sustainable design implementation in the fast-moving-consumer-goods sector.
Journal of Design Research,
18(1-2), 1-36.
Abstract:
Too fast to bother? Integrity, instrumentality, and externality factors for early sustainable design implementation in the fast-moving-consumer-goods sector
This paper investigates what enables sustainable design implementation from the front-end of new product development (NPD) processes within the fast-moving-consumer-goods (FMCG) industry. Five FMCG cases at varying sustainability maturity levels (SMLs) were selected for survey-based interviews. The identified 11 factors and 32 sub-factors are presented under the three groups of integrity, instrumentality and externality. Balanced focus on Growth and Consumer Insight and Maturity of infrastructure and consumer & market are FMCG specific. The synthesis is presented in a framework explaining the precedence of the Integrity group factors before others. Quantitative analysis reveals that more positive, frequent evidence of factors and sub-factors is observed in higher sustainability maturity cases. The study confirms some of the existing but controversial factors across design and management fields, and uncovers two new FMCG specific factors. The study assists academics and industry practitioners in understanding what to consider when adopting sustainable design in the fast-paced business environment.
Abstract.
Okorie O, Charnley F, Ehiagwina A, Tiwari D, Salonitis K (2020). Towards a simulation-based understanding of smart remanufacturing operations: a comparative analysis.
Journal of RemanufacturingAbstract:
Towards a simulation-based understanding of smart remanufacturing operations: a comparative analysis
AbstractWhile the majority of literature on remanufacturing operations examines an end-of-life (EOL) strategy which is both manual and mechanised, authors generally agree that digitalisation of remanufacturing is expected to increase in the next decade. Subsequently, a new research area described as digitally-enabled remanufacturing, remanufacturing 4.0 or smart remanufacturing is emerging. This is an automated, data-driven system of remanufacturing by means of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) paradigms. Insights into smart remanufacturing can be provided through simulation modelling of the remanufacturing process. While the use of simulation modelling in order to predict responses and behaviour is prevalent in remanufacturing, the use of these tools in smart remanufacturing is still limited in literature. The goal of this research is to present, as a first of its kind, a comparative understanding of simulation modelling in remanufacturing in order to suggest the ideal modelling tool for smart remanufacturing. The proposed comparison includes system dynamics, discrete event simulation and agent based modelling techniques. We apply these modelling techniques on a smart remanufacturing space of a sensor-enabled product and use assumptions derived from industry experts. We then proceed to model the remanufacturing operation from sorting and inspection of cores to final inspection of the remanufactured product. Through our analysis of the assumptions utilised and simulation modelling results we conclude that, while individual modelling techniques present important strategic and operational insights, their individual use may not be sufficient to offer comprehensive knowledge to remanufacturers due to the challenge of data complexity that smart remanufacturing offers.
Abstract.
Bessière D, Charnley F, Tiwari A, Moreno MA (2019). A vision of re-distributed manufacturing for the UK’s consumer goods industry.
Production Planning and Control,
30(7), 555-567.
Abstract:
A vision of re-distributed manufacturing for the UK’s consumer goods industry
The linear production of consumer goods is characterised by mass manufacture, multinational enterprises and globally dispersed supply chains. Redistributed manufacture (RDM) is an emerging topic, which seeks to enable a transition of the current linear model of production and consumption, by taking advantage of new technologies. This paper aims to explore the challenges, opportunities and further research questions to set a vision of Redistributed manufacturing for the UK’s consumer goods industry. To set this vision, a literature survey was conducted followed by a qualitative enquiry where PESTLE1 aspects of RDM were analysed. This analysis was interpreted through a roadmap. As a result of this roadmap, four RDM characteristics (i.e. customisation, use of digital technologies, local production and the development of new business models) were identified. These characteristics helped to set the future vision of RDM in the UK’s consumer goods sector.
Abstract.
Charnley F (2019). Evaluating the environmental performance of a circular business model for Merino wool next-to-skin garments. The case of Armadillo Merino. Sustainability, 11
Kuzmina K, Prendeville S, Walker D, Charnley F (2019). Future scenarios for fast-moving consumer goods in a circular economy.
Futures,
107, 74-88.
Abstract:
Future scenarios for fast-moving consumer goods in a circular economy
The aim of the study is to envision, through an inductive scenario planning methodology, future scenarios of the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry in the context of a circular economy (CE). The study uses an exploratory scenario planning, an inductive approach to engage FMCG industry organisations, CE experts, end-users, and academic stakeholders in exploring the future of FMCG within a CE context. Five future scenarios that can inform a vision for the future of the FMCG industry were developed: (1) Rinse and Reuse, (2) the Cycling of Pure Materials, (3) the Rise of the Circular Retailer, (4) a World Without Supermarkets and (5) Connected Living. The analysis and discussion of the scenarios consider how value is created within circular economy and the integral role that the consumer and the IT play within it. The study provides insights on how the FMCG sector might participate in the CE and in doing so provides a basis for further research in this area. Future areas for research are outlined.
Abstract.
Moreno M, Court R, Wright M, Charnley F (2019). Opportunities for redistributed manufacturing and digital intelligence as enablers of a circular economy.
International Journal of Sustainable Engineering,
12(2), 77-94.
Abstract:
Opportunities for redistributed manufacturing and digital intelligence as enablers of a circular economy
The linear production of consumer goods is characterised by mass manufacture by multinational enterprises and globally dispersed supply chains. The current centralised model has created a distance between the manufacturer and end user, limiting the opportunity for intelligent circular approaches for production and consumption. Through a mixed method approach, opportunities of circularity are explored for the consumer goods sector. The study presents four lenses to analyse three enterprises through a multi-case study approach to explore the potential of digital intelligence and redistributed manufacturing (RDM) as enablers of circular business models. In addition, the study examines whether Discrete Event Simulation can be used to evaluate the circular scenarios identified through quantifying flows of material that determine traditional economic value (cost/tonne). The mixed method approach demonstrates that, a qualitative systemic analysis can reveal opportunities for circularity, gained through implementing ‘digital intelligence’ and distributed models of production and consumption. Furthermore, simulations can provide a quantified evaluation on the effects of introducing circular activities across a supply chain.
Abstract.
Rowe ZO, Wilson HN, Dimitriu R, Charnley FJ, Lastrucci G (2019). Pride in my past: Influencing sustainable choices through behavioral recall.
Psychology and Marketing,
36(4), 276-286.
Abstract:
Pride in my past: Influencing sustainable choices through behavioral recall
© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Emotional appraisal research has demonstrated that recalling a past behavior and its associated emotions can influence future behavior. However, how such recalled emotions shape sustainable consumer choice has not been examined. This study examines the role of recalled pride and guilt in shaping sustainable purchase intentions and the mediating role of anticipated pride and guilt. A conceptual model is proposed for motivating sustainable purchase intentions through the emotions associated with the behavioral recall. The model is applied in two experiments with online consumers examining purchase intentions of low carbon cars. Recalling feelings of pride associated with a past sustainability-related behavior increases sustainable purchase intention, as compared with a neutral recall. This effect occurs through the mediation of both anticipated pride at the prospect of a sustainable behavior choice and anticipated guilt if the future choice is not sustainable. Similar hypotheses relating to recalled guilt at past unsustainable behavior were not supported. The study contributes to research on sustainable consumption, revealing an emotional route by which past behavior can influence future behavior. It also adds to emotional appraisal research by showing the role of specific self-conscious emotions in forming this route, as prior research has focused more broadly on emotional valence.
Abstract.
Charnley F, Tiwari D, Hutabarat W, Moreno M, Okorie OS, Tiwari A (2019). Simulation to Enable a Data-Driven Circular Economy. Sustainability, 11
Turner C, Moreno M, Mondini L, Salonitis K, Charnley F, Tiwari A, Hutabarat W (2019). Sustainable production in a circular economy: a business model for re-distributed manufacturing.
Sustainability (Switzerland),
11(16).
Abstract:
Sustainable production in a circular economy: a business model for re-distributed manufacturing
© 2019 by the authors. The emergence of new technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and advanced robotics, together with risks such as climate change, rising labour costs, and a fluctuating economy, are challenging the current UK manufacturing model. In this paper, business models for re-distributed manufacture (RdM) are developed using anIDEF (Icam DEFinition for Function Modelling) description to serve as a guide for the implementation of the RdM concept in the consumer goods industry. This paper explores the viability of a re-distributed business model for manufacturers employing new manufacturing technologies such as additive manufacturing or three-dimensional (3D) printing, as part of a sustainable and circular production and consumption system. An As-Is value chain model is presented alongside the proposed new business model for a sustainable re-distributed manufacturing system. Both are illustrated via a case study drawn from the shoe manufacturing industry. The case study shows that there is a need for robust facilities in close proximity to the customer. These facilities are store fronts which can also manufacture, remanufacture, and provide services. The reduction in transportation and increase in customer involvement throughout the process are the main benefits that would accrue if a re-distributed model is implemented in the given industry.
Abstract.
Okorie OS, Salonitis K, Charnley F, Turner C (2018). A Systems Dynamics Enabled Real-Time Efficiency for Fuel Cell Data-Driven Remanufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 2
Wastling T, Charnley F, Moreno M (2018). Design for circular behaviour: Considering users in a circular economy.
Sustainability (Switzerland),
10(6).
Abstract:
Design for circular behaviour: Considering users in a circular economy
In a linear economy, a product is manufactured and sold to a customer. Then, little concern is given to what the user actually does with it when they have it. However, in a circular economy where the aim is to circulate products at their highest level of value, the customer's behaviour can become an important part of the system. Circular design strategies have tended to focus on the physical aspects of a product (e.g. disassembly, material selection), but the design of products and services can also have an influence on user behaviour and, to date, this aspect of circular design has not been fully explored. This project aims to define what key user behaviours are required for circular business models to work and to outline how design can enable these 'circular behaviours'. This research project consists of a literature review, case study analysis and expert interviews with practitioners. A theoretical framework for designing products and services to encourage circular behaviour is developed. This work provides an initial step towards a better understanding of the user's role in the transition to a circular economy as well as a preliminary model for how design for behaviour change strategies could be implemented in this context.
Abstract.
Okorie OS, Salonitis K, Charnley F, Moreno MM, Turner C, Tiwari A (2018). Digitisation and the Circular Economy: a Review of Current Research and Future Trends. Energies, 11
Nunes BT, Pollard SJT, Burgess PJ, Ellis G, de los Rios IC, Charnley F (2018). University contributions to the circular economy: Professing the hidden curriculum.
Sustainability (Switzerland),
10(8).
Abstract:
University contributions to the circular economy: Professing the hidden curriculum
In a world dominated by linear economic systems, the road to improving resource use is multi-faceted. Whilst public and private organisations are making progress in introducing sustainable practices, we ask ourselves the extent to which education providers are contributing to the circular economy. As engines for skills and knowledge, universities play a primary role in propelling circular economy approaches into reality and, as such, hold the potential for raising the bar on sustainable performance. A rapid evidence assessment (REA) was therefore undertaken to examine the interactions between university estate management and the circular economy. This assessment identified six pertinent themes: campus sustainability, the hidden curriculum, environmental governance, local impact, university material flows, and the role of universities as catalysts for business and examined 70 publications. A second part of the study reviewed the environmental activities of 50 universities ranked highly in terms of their environmental credentials or their environmental science courses. The results are presented and then discussed in terms of how universities can affect material flows, promote sustainability outside of the formal curriculum, and act as catalysts with business. The economic significance of universities provides an appreciable demand for circular products and services. Universities should develop "hidden curriculum" plans to promote improved environmental behaviours of staffand students. Universities can also catalyse a circular economy by working with business to improve eco-effectiveness as well as eco-efficiency. For example, projects should extend the focus from decreasing carbon footprint to achieving carbon positivity, from improving water efficiency to treating wastewater, and from recycling to reverse logistics for repurposing. Pilot projects arising from such work could provide valuable research bases and consultancy opportunities.
Abstract.
De los Rios IC, Charnley FJS (2017). Skills and capabilities for a sustainable and circular economy: the changing role of design.
Journal of Cleaner Production,
160, 109-122.
Abstract:
Skills and capabilities for a sustainable and circular economy: the changing role of design
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd Implementing practices for a circular economy transforms the way companies do business, notably in the manufacturing industry. However, a circular economy requires a transformation of both production and consumption systems; the standard approach for creation, fabrication, and commerce of products is challenged. Authors repeatedly call for the development of new proficiencies to attend to system transformations, but these so far have not been described for design and engineering. Given that the design of a product directly influences the way a value chain will be managed, building circular, globally sustainable value chains inevitably signifies a fundamental change in the practice of design. Comprehensive analyses were conducted on case studies from a variety of multinational enterprises that are transforming their product strategies for climate change. Changes in design processes were identified, revealing a growing necessity for industry to employ new proficiencies that support closure of material loops. This paper contributes to existing literature by depicting successful practices being implemented in industry. A variety of new capabilities are key to design for a sustainable future; these range from deeper knowledge of material composition to rich understanding of social behaviour. Resulting from this research, learning goals are proposed to serve as guidance for manufacturing companies seeking to tackle climate change. Conclusions aim to encourage researchers and academics to respond to emerging needs by re-thinking education in design and engineering.
Abstract.
Rowe ZO, Wilson HN, Dimitriu RM, Breiter K, Charnley FJ (2017). The Best I can Be: How Self-Accountability Impacts Product Choice in Technology-Mediated Environments.
Psychology and Marketing,
34(5), 521-537.
Abstract:
The Best I can Be: How Self-Accountability Impacts Product Choice in Technology-Mediated Environments
Technology-mediated environments are important not only as the location for an increasing proportion of purchases, but also as an even more pervasive part of the purchase journey. While most research into online consumer behavior focuses on attitudes as an antecedent of product choice, this article focuses on an important but hardly explored variable that may be impacted by technology-mediated environments: self-accountability. Laboratory experiments suggest that self-accountability may influence online purchases, but this has not been confirmed in field studies. Furthermore, although this prior work suggests that self-accountability may impact product choice through the elicitation of guilt, the role of positive emotions has not been explored. Using two surveys with online retailers, this paper (a) shows that in a technology-mediated environment, self-accountability influences product choice; (b) proposes and confirms a complementary route for this effect through pride that is stronger than that through guilt; and (c) evidences the relationship between self-accountability and perceived consumer effectiveness. These results show a clear opportunity for digital marketers to encourage self-accountability, to thereby elicit pride and not just guilt, and hence to impact consumer decision making in technology-mediated environments, particularly when choices have sustainability implications.
Abstract.
Despeisse M, Baumers M, Brown P, Charnley F, Ford SJ, Garmulewicz A, Knowles S, Minshall THW, Mortara L, Reed-Tsochas FP, et al (2017). Unlocking value for a circular economy through 3D printing: a research agenda.
Technological Forecasting and Social Change,
115, 75-84.
Abstract:
Unlocking value for a circular economy through 3D printing: a research agenda
The circular economy (CE) aims to radically improve resource efficiency by eliminating the concept of waste and leading to a shift away from the linear take-make-waste model. In a CE, resources are flowing in a circular manner either in a biocycle (biomass) or technocycle (inorganic materials). While early studies indicate that 3D printing (3DP) holds substantial promise for sustainability and the creation of a CE, there is no guarantee that it will do so. There is great uncertainty regarding whether the current trajectory of 3DP adoption is creating more circular material flows or if it is leading to an alternative scenario in which less eco-efficient localised production, demands for customised goods, and a higher rate of product obsolescence combine to bring about increased resource consumption. It is critical that CE principles are embedded into the new manufacturing system before the adoption of 3DP reaches a critical inflection point in which negative practices become entrenched. This paper, authored by both academic and industry experts, proposes a research agenda to determine enablers and barriers for 3DP to achieve a CE. We explore the two following overarching questions to discover what specific issues they entail: (1) How can a more distributed manufacturing system based on 3DP create a circular economy of closed-loop material flows? (2) What are the barriers to a circular 3D printing economy? We specifically examine six areas—design, supply chains, information flows, entrepreneurship, business models and education—with the aim of formulating a research agenda to enable 3DP to reach its full potential for a CE.
Abstract.
Moreno M, De los Rios C, Rowe Z, Charnley F (2016). A conceptual framework for circular design.
Sustainability (Switzerland),
8(9).
Abstract:
A conceptual framework for circular design
Design has been recognised in the literature as a catalyst to move away from the traditional model of take-make-dispose to achieve a more restorative, regenerative and circular economy. As such, for a circular economy to thrive, products need to be designed for closed loops, as well as be adapted to generate revenues. This should not only be at the point of purchase, but also during use, and be supported by low-cost return chains and reprocessing structures, as well as effective policy and regulation. To date, most academic and grey literature on the circular economy has focused primarily on the development of new business models, with some of the latter studies addressing design strategies for a circular economy, specifically in the area of resource cycles and design for product life extension. However, these studies primarily consider a limited spectrum of the technical and biological cycles where materials are recovered and restored and nutrients (e.g. materials, energy, water) are regenerated. This provides little guidance or clarity for designers wishing to design for new circular business models in practice. As such, this paper aims to address this gap by systematically analysing previous literature on Design for Sustainability (DfX) (e.g. design for resource conservation, design for slowing resource loops and whole systems design) and links these approaches to the current literature on circular business models. A conceptual framework is developed for circular economy design strategies. From this conceptual framework, recommendations are made to enable designers to fully consider the holistic implications for design within a circular economy.
Abstract.
Srai JS, Kumar M, Graham G, Phillips W, Tooze J, Ford S, Beecher P, Raj B, Gregory M, Tiwari MK, et al (2016). Distributed manufacturing: scope, challenges and opportunities.
International Journal of Production Research,
54(23), 6917-6935.
Abstract:
Distributed manufacturing: scope, challenges and opportunities
This discussion paper aims to set out the key challenges and opportunities emerging from distributed manufacturing (DM). We begin by describing the concept, available definitions and consider its evolution where recent production technology developments (such as additive and continuous production process technologies), digitisation together with infrastructural developments (in terms of IoT and big data) provide new opportunities. To further explore the evolving nature of DM, the authors, each of whom are involved in specific applications of DM research, examine through an expert panel workshop environment emerging DM applications involving new production and supporting infrastructural technologies. This paper presents these generalisable findings on DM challenges and opportunities in terms of products, enabling production technologies and the impact on the wider production and industrial system. Industry structure and location of activities are examined in terms of the democratising impact on participating network actors. The paper concludes with a discussion on the changing nature of manufacturing as a result of DM, from the traditional centralised, large-scale, long lead-time forecast-driven production operations to a new DM paradigm where manufacturing is a decentralised, autonomous near end user-driven activity. A forward research agenda is proposed that considers the impact of DM on the industrial and urban landscape.
Abstract.
Portillo-Barco C, Charnley F (2015). Data requirements and assessment of technologies enabling a product passport within products exposed to harsh environments: a case study of a high pressure nozzle guide vane.
International Journal of Product Lifecycle Management,
8(3), 253-282.
Abstract:
Data requirements and assessment of technologies enabling a product passport within products exposed to harsh environments: a case study of a high pressure nozzle guide vane
The circular economy production model challenges the limitations of the current linear economic model of production. An improved product lifecycle management (PLM) system, such as in a product passport, can support the circular model. In order for such a system to be robust and reliable, knowledge needs to be created from raw data acquired by sensors in a product through its life. Nevertheless, data acquisition can be challenging or even impossible in harsh environments. Through a case study of a high pressure nozzle guide vane (HPNGV) in a jet engine (a product exposed to harsh environments), this paper aims to define what are the data requirements supporting use cases within a product passport and explore and propose novel applications of sensing technologies acquiring data in hostile environments. A systematic analysis of required data sets of an HPNGV supporting an enhanced knowledge was carried out. Furthermore, a state-of-the-art review in sensing technologies surrounding those sets of data was conducted; those technologies were then assessed, leading to recommendations for feasible and novel applications, which would facilitate a proof-of-concept-stage. Finally, the methodology framework presented is recommended for use with products with similar limitations.
Abstract.
Charnley F, Fleming P, Dowsett T, Fleming M, Cook M, Mill G (2012). Engaging schools in the science of low-energy buildings.
Public Understanding of Science,
21(7), 875-890.
Abstract:
Engaging schools in the science of low-energy buildings
This article explores the relationship between the previous UK government's initiative to rebuild and renew secondary schools, and the requirement for improved education for sustainable development in the UK. The documented research utilized a number of mechanisms to engage with pupils in Leicester city schools to increase their awareness, knowledge and understanding of the science and engineering associated with the design and operation of low-energy school buildings. Workshops, discussions with energy and sustainable development experts and inspirational visits to existing low-energy buildings were employed to develop an appreciation for the importance of energy efficiency and best design practice. The results demonstrate an increase in pupils' knowledge and understanding of low-energy school design and additionally a rise in those pupils who are interested in science and would consider it as a career option. © the Author(s) 2010.
Abstract.
Charnley F, Lemon M, Evans S (2011). Exploring the process of whole system design.
Design Studies,
32(2), 156-179.
Abstract:
Exploring the process of whole system design
This paper explores the adoption of a whole system approach to a more sustainable and innovative design. A case study methodology was utilised to gain improved understanding of whole system design and those factors that substantially influence its success. The paper presents a framework of those factors including the requirement for trans-disciplinary skills, the dynamics of a flattened hierarchy and the need to identify relationships between parts of the system to ultimately optimise the whole. Knowing the factors that influence the process of whole system design provides designers with the knowledge necessary to more effectively work within, manage and facilitate that process. This paper uses anecdotes taken from operational cases, across design contexts, to demonstrate those factors. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Davies GJ, Kendall G, Soane E, Li J, Charnley F, Pollard SJT (2010). Regulators as 'agents': Power and personality in risk regulation and a role for agent-based simulation.
Journal of Risk Research,
13(8), 961-982.
Abstract:
Regulators as 'agents': Power and personality in risk regulation and a role for agent-based simulation
We critically examine how evidence and knowledge are brokered between the various actors (agents) in regulatory decisions on risk. Following a precis of context and regulatory process, we explore the role power and personality might play as evidence is synthesised and used to inform risk decisions, providing a review of the relevant literature from applied psychology, agent-based simulation and regulatory science. We make a case for the adoption of agent-based tools for addressing the sufficiency of evidence and resolving uncertainty in regulatory decisions. Referring to other environmental applications of agent-based decision-making, we propose how an agent model might represent power structures and personality characteristics with the attending implications for the brokering of regulatory science. This critical review has implications for the structuring of evidence that informs environmental decisions and the personal traits required of modern regulators operating in facilitative regulatory settings. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.
Abstract.
