This article shows that British homosexual Muslims face rejection and identity conflict between their homosexuality and their Muslimness. The opposition between Islam and homosexuality has created a feeling of exclusion, illustrating the assumed incompatibility between being Muslim and being homosexual. Homosexual Muslims face a religiously motivated homophobia rooted in the heteronormative precepts of Islam. In parallel, they face Islamophobic attitudes in which Islam is now used as a form of civilisational opposition to the British values of tolerance and inclusion and the wider homosexual community see it as a threat to their very existence. Nevertheless, the results show that the hostility of Muslims toward homosexuality is evolving, and the heteronormative discourses are now coexisting with more neutral and even homo-friendly approaches. A new bicultural belonging among homosexual Muslims is being constructed to address individual strategies of managing both identities and is fostering new interpretations of acceptance of different sexualities within Islam.

This paper has two purposes: Firstly, it addresses the observed effects of both Brexit and the Covid-19 pandemic on food inflation in the United Kingdom (UK). Secondly, it uses statistics and data from different sources to explore the effect of the exchange rate, the imports costs and the real wages, and to show how those events have contributed to increased price volatility that the pressures on supply and demand can explain. The Covid-19 has created new shortages and additional costs for consumers and producers. In addition, the pandemic can be the starting point of a change in consumers' and producers’ behaviours as it has put forward new challenges in terms of different modes of consumption and production as well as new constraints. The situation is still uncertain and unstable where the ultimate impacts of both Brexit and Covid-19 are yet to be concluded. However, there is a consensus that a spell of inflation will persist, at least in the short term. The combined effects of shortage and disruption in both supply and demand have induced an increase in food prices. The nature of such effects can be compensated by different policy measures such as the stimulus package that aimed to support both producers and consumers. However, the efficiency of these instruments needs to be assessed in order to see if inflation will lead to high deficits and possible risks linked to the downgrading of the UK’s credit rating. In this case, the risks of currency depreciation and of inflation can be seriously harmful to the British economy.

Cet article part du constat d’une démocratisation scolaire en France durant les deux dernières décennies pour proposer un éclairage sur les déterminants individuels et familiaux des parcours scolaires menant au baccalauréat. Les résultats suggèrent que les aspirations familiales influencent positivement l’obtention du bac général. En outre, les mauvaises performances scolaires amènent les familles à accorder plus d’importance à la réussite dans l’enseignement supérieur pour accéder à l’emploi. Dès lors, les itinéraires scolaires peuvent être vus comme la résultante des interactions entre les structures institutionnelles et les arbitrages faits par les individus. Toutefois, les investissements familiaux contrecarrent peu la reproduction sociale des différentes trajectoires scolaires.