The transfer of Human resource management (HRM) practices from the corporate business context into schools has taken a novel turn. No longer restricted to the management of school teachers, HRM techniques are now being applied to the management of students. HRM views the student as a human resource to serve the school, and seeks to systematically regulate students’ identities in order to align them with school values and goals. The paper introduces the Uncommon Schools model as an exemplar of student centred HRM. The case study demonstrates how student-centred HRM is being operationalised in schools and concludes by exploring the potential of this systematic innovation in student management. The paper is informed by critical management theories and argues that student centred HRM constitutes a radical shift in the relationship between school and student.

The paper examines the development of self-service grocery shopping from a consumer perspective. Using qualitative data gathered through a nationwide biographical survey and oral histories, it is possible to go beyond contemporary market surveys which give insufficient attention to shopping as a socially and culturally embedded practice. The paper uses the conceptual framework of the life-course, to demonstrate how grocery shopping is a complex activity, in which the retail encounter is shaped by the specific interconnection of different retail formats and their geographies, alongside consumer characteristics and their situational influences. Consumer reactions to retail modernization must be understood in relation to the development of consumer practices at points of transition and stability within the life-course. These practices are accessed by examining retrospective consumer narratives about food shopping.

The transfer of Human resource management (HRM) practices from the corporate business context into schools has taken a novel turn. No longer restricted to the management of school teachers, HRM techniques are now being applied to the management of students. HRM views the student as a human resource to serve the school, and seeks to systematically regulate students’ identities in order to align them with school values and goals. The paper introduces the Uncommon Schools model as an exemplar of student centred HRM. The case study demonstrates how student-centred HRM is being operationalised in schools and concludes by exploring the potential of this systematic innovation in student management. The paper is informed by critical management theories and argues that student centred HRM constitutes a radical shift in the relationship between school and student.

it has become normative in organization and management studies literature to consider scaling as a synonym for organizational growth. Scaling is typically understood as scaling-up. This article demonstrates that, in the context of post-growth organizations, scaling involves a more complex set of dynamics. Directing scholarly attention to scaling in the context of Italian Social Agricultural Cooperatives (i.e. organizations that hold a different rationale and modus operandi from the capitalist enterprise), this research contributes to the literature on scaling the impact of post-growth organizations by identifying nine different scaling routes: organizational growth (vertical and horizontal); organizational downscaling; impact on policies; multiplication; impact on organizational culture; impact on societal culture; aggregation; and diffusion. This article demonstrates that post-growth scaling: (1) requires the synergistic interaction of different strategies; (2) focuses on impacting societal culture; (3) does not necessarily require organizational growth; and (4) is a relational process, embedded in socio-ecological systems. The typology presented in this article empowers post-growth organizations to become more aware of different available scaling routes, unlocking their transformative potential and supporting the transition towards a post-growth future, in which the goal of economics is the pursuit of human and ecological flourishing.

Co-operatives play a vital role in supplying various goods and services in the UK, as well as in other parts of the world. In the past twenty years co-operatives have become important players in modern organic food supply chains, providing small-scale farmers with access to knowledge and markets, alongside opportunities to scale up their production. This teaching case is developed from qualitative interviews with current and former members and employees from the South Devon Organic Producers (SDOP) Co-operative, an award-winning organic vegetable grower co-operative based in South Devon (UK). The case is supplemented with interviews with key managerial personnel at the SDOP’s main stakeholder Riverford Organic Farms Limited. The case explores how the relationship between SDOP and Riverford is the key to understanding SDOP’s participation in the organic food chain.

This research is an exploratory study into the scaling approaches of Social Agricultural Cooperatives (SACs) in Italy. Indigenous to the Italian context and rooted in the Civil Economy tradition, SACs are Social Cooperatives that operate in the agricultural sector. They are a rapidly-expanding type of social enterprise, combining a non-profit institutional identity (i.e. the social element), an entrepreneurial core (i.e. the agricultural element) and democratic governance (i.e. the cooperative element). SACs are framed in the wider context of diverse organisations – i.e. holding different ethical approaches and different modus operandi from the capitalist enterprise.
This research focuses on scaling as a grand challenge for diverse organisations. While in the context of capitalist organisations scaling is often considered as a synonym for organisational growth (e.g. scaling is mostly expressed in terms of scaling-up), diverse organisations consider scaling as a more complex matter (e.g. introducing concepts such as scaling-out and scaling-deep).
Embracing a social constructionist view of management and organisation studies, this research adopts qualitative multiple-case-study methods to advance a diverse theory of scaling. Scaling is considered as the combination of processes that allow an organisation to fulfil the needs it was constituted to address, while undertaking its vision of system change. In the context of SACs, needs and system change emerge in close relation to ecological standpoints and environmental virtue ethics respectively, while scaling routes emerge as multi-layered and multi-faceted processes, including, but not limited to, organisational growth. These include: scaling-up-inwards (i.e. vertical organisational growth), scaling-out-inwards (i.e. horizontal organisational growth), scaling-down (i.e. organisational de-growth), scaling-up-outwards (i.e. organisational impact on policies), scaling-out-outwards (i.e. organisational multiplication), scaling-deep-inwards (i.e. organisational impact on internal culture), scaling-deep-outwards (i.e. organisational impact on societal culture), scaling-with-inwards (i.e. organisational aggregation of existing organisations) and scaling-with-outwards (i.e. organisational aggregation of new organisations). Rather than in scaling-up, the key process to fulfil SACs’ needs while undertaking their vision of system change was identified as scaling-deep. At the same time scaling-up was never considered as exponential growth. On the contrary, it emerged as being a limited (i.e. by social and environmental values), temporary (i.e. until a point of equilibrium is reached) and contextual (i.e. small scale) process.
The importance of ecological relations and ecological virtues for SACs allows a redefinition of the traditional mission of Social Cooperatives (i.e. from human to ecological promotion) as well as their vision (i.e. from human to ecological flourishing). In addition, appreciating scaling and growing as two different and related processes allows the decoupling of scaling (i.e. including growth) from the growth paradigm (i.e. exponential growth in a planet with finite resources), opening up the understanding of scaling to degrowth approaches. In turn, that enables a focus on local initiatives, appreciating the transformative and emancipatory potential of their actions.

Social enterprises have emerged as an alternative to existing business models focused primarily on profitability, as organisations pursuing a strong social goal operating at the intersection of public, private and third sectors. The thesis aims to understand the impact of resourcing on how social enterprises carry out their work. The research addresses the following questions:. First, what outcomes do social enterprises seek to deliver in local communities and for whom? Second, how are social enterprises adapting in light of resource constraints? Third, what defines social innovation within a social enterprise context? Fourth, what is the perceived usefulness of social innovation for social enterprise actors? Twenty-two semi-structured interviews with UK social enterprise leaders were generated and analysed through a Grounded Theory approach. The study found that social enterprises typically face resource and capability constraints, and that social enterprise actors reconfigure the existing resource base to adapt to institutional pressures and ensure survival. This study develops the conceptual and theoretical understanding of social innovation, including the normative uses and mixed outcomes of social innovations. The thesis proposes a model of the strategies employed by social enterprise to overcome resource constraints, these include bricolage, social innovation, social capital and tactical mimicry. The thesis adds to existing knowledge within management theory in social entrepreneurship focused on the development of social enterprise (organisational hybrids). The implications of the findings for research and practice are discussed in the conclusions along with limitations of the study and avenues for future research.

This research generates insights into the rapid multiplication of agricultural co-operatives in Mainland China before and after the introduction of China’s first law on agricultural co-operatives in 2007. More specifically, the research utilises a multiple-case research method to explore the specific context of small-scale tea co-operatives and their supply chains. The research has several objectives. First, to explore how the values of co-operatives conform to Chinese society and culture. Second, to develop a typology of Chinese co-operatives based upon data collected for the tea co-operative industry. Third, to analyse the relationships among the membership of different types of co-operatives to determine if they result in different operational performance. Fourth, to explore how internal factors affect the power dynamics between a co-operative and its stakeholders.
. The data informing this research was generated through semi-structured qualitative interviews. Triangulation is achieved through the analysis of documentary sources and the researcher’s observations (including participation in tea production). There are three principal findings resulting from the empirical research relating to: the recognition and comparison of Chinese co-operatives and Western co-operative values; building a construct model of Chinese agricultural co-operatives with propositions derived from embeddedness and institutional theories; and the creation of two typologies describing contemporary agricultural co-operatives in China.

Queues are part of everyday routine and experienced by most shoppers, yet little attention has been given to providing historical accounts of queuing as a consumer task or as a shopper experience. This paper examines grocery shop queues and the changing experience of shoppers in historical perspective, specifically focusing upon the shift from counter service to self-service grocery formats in Britain from 1945-1975. The paper draws upon a wide range of material utilising evidence from oral histories and witness groups, which are supported by contemporary sources from Mass Observation, newspapers, shopper surveys, trade publications and reports. The conceptual framework developed in the paper explores the public and private dimensions of queues to consider the experiences and perceptions of shoppers during a period of rapid change in the retail grocery system. More generally the paper contributes to our understanding of how management innovations are connected to untraded public values.

This thesis is an interpretive inquiry into the effect of partnership work on the evolving role of social enterprises in England. Partnerships between social enterprises and public, private and third sector organisations are examined to determine how interorganisational relationships are framed and understood by social enterprises, what motivates their formation and how the hybrid identity of social enterprises is affected by partnership work. In-depth interviews were conducted with a selection of social enterprises in England where partnerships have become a distinct feature of social policy. The dynamics of this institutional environment provided rich examples of interorganisational relationships that were analysed to identify a typology of social enterprise partnerships depicting three main types: mandated, commercial and self-directed partnerships. The existing multidisciplinary literature on partnerships, specifically theory and frameworks concerning social partnerships, are applied to develop this typology throughout the thesis. Recent developments in social enterprise theory, namely the theoretical framework developed through the work of the ICSEM project, are also integrated to explore whether and how the origin of certain types of social enterprise influences their partnerships. Conclusions suggest that working across institutional and sector boundaries poses significant challenges and risks for social enterprises, such as loss of autonomy and curtailment of social objectives. Greater attention must be paid by social enterprise scholars to the partnership phenomenon, to the lived experiences of social enterprises engaged in partnership work, and to the constantly shifting political and social context that promotes the promise of partnership without acknowledging how it may curtail the unique capabilities of social enterprises.

Publicly-funded museums in the UK face the dual challenge of maintaining meaningful relationships with their existing visitors and establishing effective relationships with new audiences. Museums perceive family audiences as important because engaging with them can provide immediate and future impact. Since families with children tend to be understood as ‘learning’ audiences, they offer a way for publicly-funded museums to demonstrate their worth to society through the provision of education. Furthermore, successful engagement with families with children is perceived as a way to cultivate enduring, resilient and life-long relationships with audiences who could potentially support the future viability and financial sustainability of museums. Families, therefore, are a museum audience with high strategic value.

However, there is a lack of research to support what experiencing museums means to families. Most existing research in this area analyses family experiences of museums at the level of individual episodes within a visit. That is, rather than focusing on the lives of family visitors and how they connect to the museum, analysis focuses on learning events or on the identity-related needs of families during their museum visit. The under-theorization of family in the context of museums is particularly problematic because family audiences are perceived by museums as having bespoke needs that are different from those of other museum audiences. This failure to account for the pluralities of both families and museums makes it difficult to develop authentic understandings of family museum engagement.

In this thesis, these issues are examined through the framework of Tate, a leading international art museum. The Association of Leading Visitor Attractions state that Tate is the most-visited publicly-funded cultural institution in the UK and is recognised as a sector leader in terms of its curatorial practices and additional income generation methods. However, family audiences are significantly under-represented at Tate, both as a proportion of the institution’s overall visitor base and when compared to similar museums. This means that Tate’s challenge to retain, attract and engage family audiences is particularly pressing, thus providing an acute case with intrinsic and instrumental value.

To address the challenge of increasing and improving family museum engagement, this thesis develops deeper and wider understandings of family experiences of museums by special reference to Tate as a leading international museum. This thesis takes a spatial ethnographic approach to understanding how families experience museums in order to attend to the complexities and multiple realities of family life and museums. Thus, this is the first study to examine family audiences in the particular context of the art museum, itself an under-represented context in museum studies, at the level of family practices. This extends the methodological tradition of ethnographic research in museums by making allowances for material and embodied perspectives, in addition to historical-political and individual perspectives. Data was generated across the Tate Estate between November 2014 and June 2017 and was analysed iteratively in line with the ethnographic approach to research.

There are two sets of significant findings. The first set of findings illustrate the sophisticated way that ‘family’ is produced and utilised by Tate as both an ordering social concept and a flexible set of practices. As well as extending how museum audiences can be understood, these findings raise theoretical questions around family and how it is used within the public management and funding frameworks that operate in museums. Additionally, this first set of findings informs the second, since it provides a contextually relevant working definition of the term ‘family’. The second set of findings demonstrate how family experiences of Tate relate to the practices of family, both as private practices between family members and as a public practices made available to wider social circles. These findings have empirical, practical and political implications for Tate and the museum sector, particularly concerning the management of non-traditional museum spaces, intergenerational learning and ambitions for authentic inclusivity within museum engagement.

This paper develops a case study of Cadbury, to explore the changing relationships between manufacturers and supermarket retailers in the area of marketing for the period 1954-1975. This period was marked by innovations associated with sales, distribution, promotion and merchandising in which manufacturers and retailers competed to own the end consumer and command their rivals’ marketing budgets. Specific reference is made to the repeal of Resale Price Maintenance legislation and the impact this had upon the manufacturer-retailer relationship. The paper introduces the concept of coopetition to frame how Cadbury relations with retailers and rival manufacturers were simultaneously shaped by competition and cooperation.

This paper introduces the concept of service-dominant logic as a research paradigm in marketing management. It does so in the context of tourism management’s need to engage with wider debates within the mainstream management literature. Moreover it demonstrates the importance of service dominant logic in uncovering the role played by co-production and co-creation in the tourism industry. These ideas are developed in detail through a case study of the UK hotel industry that draws on new empirical research undertaken by the authors.

The paper examines the development of self-service grocery shopping from a consumer perspective. Using qualitative data constructed through a nationwide biographical survey and oral histories, it is possible to go beyond contemporary market surveys which give insufficient attention to shopping as a socially and culturally embedded practice. The paper uses the conceptual framework of the life-course, to demonstrate how grocery shopping is a complex activity, in which the retail encounter is shaped by the specific interconnection of different retail formats with consumer characteristics and situational influences. Consumer reactions to retail modernization must be understood in relation to the development of consumer practices at points of transition and stability within the life-course. These practices are accessed by examining retrospective consumer narratives about food shopping.

In this paper we examine shoppers’ reactions to the development
of early supermarket retailing in post-war Britain. Positioning our
discussion in relation to multi-disciplinary contributions on the
role of consumers in innovation, we argue that more attention
needs to be given to the shopper’s input in the debate on retail
innovation, including the supermarket. New oral history data
drawn from a nationwide survey is presented in support of our arguments.
Shoppers’ contributions to the supermarket innovation
are shown to be multi-faceted in nature, incorporating processes
of co-production and value creation; processes that were altered

In this paper we examine shoppers' reactions to the development of early supermarket retailing in post-war Britain. Positioning our discussion in relation to multi-disciplinary contributions on the role of consumers in innovation, we argue that more attention needs to be given to the shopper's input in the debate on retail innovation, including the supermarket. New oral history data drawn from a nationwide survey is presented in support of our arguments. Shoppers' contributions to the supermarket innovation are shown to be multi-faceted in nature, incorporating processes of co-production and value creation; processes that were altered in the transition from counter-service to self-service retail environments. Shoppers' discussions of such alterations were frequently structured around four aspects of interaction; with the physical environment of the store, with the goods for sale, with other shoppers and with shop staff. Whilst increasingly part of 'ordinary consumption' routines, the data highlights that in the switch to the supermarket, shopping became a more reflective activity and one that resulted in a variety of experiences and emotions.

Despite the existence of research conducted by geographers eschewing or professing
religious faith, the influence of researchers and their methods have yet to receive
critical attention within the study of religion. The experience of three geographers
working on a three-year research project suggests that it is vital to reflect upon the
inter-subjective relationships and methodologies used to reconstruct the religious past.
How do different subject positions influence our selections from historical records?
We also consider whether the spatialities of putatively ‘religious’ archives, whether
formally or informally constituted, make a difference to the construction of
historiographical knowledge. In attempting to answer these questions, the paper
argues that developing an awareness of different types of positionality, vis-à-vis
religious faith and practice, combined with reflexivity, vis-à-vis methodology, can
enrich the interpretative reconstruction of the religious past.

The advent of self-service and supermarket retailing marked a significant departure
from the counter-service format that had dominated food shopping in Britain until the 1950s. But reactions of shoppers to this new mode of shopping are poorly understood. The Reconstructing Consumer Landscapes Project
was designed to cast light on the complexities of consumer reaction to changes in food shopping between 1945 and 1975 through a large-scale survey combined with one hundred and twenty-two semi-structured oral history interviews. This article introduces approaches to understanding consumers, and looks, in particular, at the ways in which academic scholars have characterized the reactions of consumers to the rise of self-service and supermarket shopping. The article then highlights some of the strengths we observed in our use of oral history interviewing in reconstructing the experiences of shoppers
in early supermarkets. We also discuss our use of a content analysis approach to analyse material from the interviews and what this has revealed about consumer reactions as seen in interviewees’ accounts of their first experiences
of supermarket shopping.

This article reviews the literature that explores the relationship between ethnic
identities and food consumption, with particular reference to business management
studies. It focuses on the food shopping practices of south Asians in Britain in the
period 1947 to 1975, to illustrate the need for more historically contextualized studies
that can provide a more nuanced exploration of any interconnections between ethnic
identity and shopping behaviour. The article draws on a reasonably long-standing
interest in ethnicity and consumption in marketing studies, and explores the
conceptual use of acculturation within this literature. The arguments put forward are
framed by recent interdisciplinary studies of the broader relationship between
consumption and identity, which stress the importance of contextualizing any
influence of ethnic identifications through a wider consideration of other factors
including societal status, gender and age, rather than giving it singular treatment. The
article uses a body of empirical research drawn from recent oral histories, to explore
how these factors informed everyday shopping practices among south Asians in Britain. It examines some of the shopping and wider food provisioning strategies
adopted by early immigrants on arrival in Britain. It considers the interaction between
the south Asian population and the changing retail structure, in the context of the
development of self-service and the supermarket. Finally, it demonstrates how age,
gender and socioeconomic status interacted with ethnic identities to produce
variations in shopping patterns.

The case for tightened regulation of supermarket retailers through competition legislation and land-use planning has become a prominent issue for policy makers and communities.
The AHRC Reconstructing Consumer Landscapes Project has recently conducted an oral history of the coming of the supermarket and self service to post-war England. The very early findings of this project are used in this paper to bring a historical perspective to the debate.
the supermarket did not simply supersede independent and family shops: multiple stores are a long-standing part of the British retail landscape and consumers have been comfortably making use of them for more than a century.
Historically, ownership mattered less to consumers than has previously been assumed: it was the service offered by stores that played the crucial role in determining consumer satisfaction.
Policy makers should therefore give in-store experience more consideration.
Consumer choice was shaped not just by the variety of goods on offer, but by social and cultural factors such as class, gender and ethnicity.
There is therefore a need for a diverse range of services and goods that reflects the varied social and cultural background of consumers.
Historically, small shops have played an important role in communities, but multiple stores have also fostered social interaction and cohesion.
Policy makers should look beyond the question of ownership and size to recognise that well-managed service encounters can foster social interaction for shoppers in a diversity of retail spaces.

This paper explores the historical relationships between Methodist Sunday school tea treats and parades and the formation of religious identity in west Cornwall between c. 1830 and 1930. Through these ritual activities, people were entrained into the symbolic identity-forming apparatus of Methodist faith and practice. Moving beyond the spaces of school rooms and chapels, the paper focuses on the organisation, the use of public space and the territorial significance of annual tea treats and parades in the nurturing and maintenance of a Methodist constituency. In so doing, the paper draws on work in the history of Nonconformity, geographies of religion and the historical geography of parades to conduct a critical analysis of tea treats and parades as ritual, spectacle and carnival. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Despite a well-established interest in the relationship between space and identity, geographers still know little about how communal identities in specific places are built around a sense of religious belonging. This paper explores both the theoretical and practical terrain around which such an investigation can proceed. The paper makes space for the exploration of a specific set of religious groups and practices, which reflected the activities of Methodists in Cornwall during the period 1830 - 1930. The paper is concerned to move analysis beyond the 'officially sacred' and to explore the everyday, informal, and often banal, practices of Methodists, thereby providing a blueprint for how work in the geography of religion may move forward.

In this paper we show that the avoidance or reduction of difference found in the popular history of Bournville was the result of storytellers situated in specific institutional contexts. During the initial development of Bournville a particular (sub)urban future was imagined and mediated by these storytellers, through processes of simplification and choice, which served to reduce the past to an imposed and arbitrary simplicity or organised saga. In this saga the voices of residents are silenced. Our approach is, first, to explore ways of conceptualising the construction of urban history and, second, to construct two different and deliberately conflicting representations of Bournville. The first account provides a critique of the common representation or town planning account of Bournville. In contrast, the second account works through the voices of residents providing an opportunity for them to construct a lived account of Bournville with specific reference to temperance and the consumption of alcohol. Our first story is about the construction of a particular urban space whilst the second is about the ways in which the space was partially 'colonised' by residents. By constructing conflicting accounts of the same place we aim to open the dominant discourses associated with Bournville to complexity and heterogeneity.